Trading standards for retailers are mainly enforced by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MOCI) through its Consumer Protection Department and Commercial Control Department, which handle pricing, promotions, and consumer complaints. Supporting authorities include the Public Authority for Industry (PAI), which ensures goods comply with standards and metrology rules, and the Public Authority for Food and Nutrition (PAFN), which regulates food safety and labelling. The Kuwait Municipality conducts on-the-ground inspections of shops and markets, while specialised regulators like the Central Bank of Kuwait (CBK), the Communication and Information Technology Regulatory Authority (CITRA), and the Insurance Regulatory Unit (IRU) cover payment services, online retail, and add-on insurance.