The following abbreviations are used throughout this paper.

AIS Automatic Identification System (maritime)

BIT Bilateral Investment Treaty

CERD International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination CONWARTIME BIMCO war-risk clause (time charters)

DES Delivered Ex Ship (LNG sold on a delivered basis)

ECT Energy Charter Treaty

ESG Environmental, Social and Governance

FET Fair and Equitable Treatment

FOB Free on Board (LNG sold at the loading terminal)

GAIL Gas Authority of India Limited

GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GSPA Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement

HGA Host Government Agreement

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

ICC International Chamber of Commerce

ICJ International Court of Justice

ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes